Estradiol and progesterone belong to a family of steroid hormones with complex actions. Estradiol-17β (E2), the predominant and most biologically active estrogen, is an 18 carbon (C-18) steroid with an aromatic A-ring. It is synthesized mainly by the ovary; however, other organs and tissues, including adipose tissue, the brain (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), cells of the immune system, and bone, are thought to produce it as well.

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, along with numerous other biological functions.

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, along with numerous other biological functions.

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that influences water and salt regulation in the body. Aldosterone's primary function is to act on the late distal tubule and collecting duct of nephrons in the kidney, favoring sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion while also contributing to acid-base balance. Aldosterone is a key player in the multi-factorial regulation of salt, potassium, blood pressure, and acid-base balance.

Androstanediol glucuronide (Adiol G) has been reported to be a marker of peripheral androgen metabolism and action. It consists of two isomers, Adiol 3-G and Adiol 17-G. Adiol G is formed from unconjugated precursors by the enzyme glucuronyl transferase.

A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the testis, but also in the ovary and the adrenal cortex. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to testosterone as well as estrone and estradiol.

It is thus a steroidal hormone produced in male and female gonads, as well as in the adrenal glands, and it is known for its key role in the production of estrogen and testosterone.

Angiotensin is a peptide endocrine hormone and an important part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, an inter-related endocrine system important in volume and blood pressure control. Angiotensinogen, an alpha-globulin, and the peptide prohormone is synthesized primarily by the liver and circulates in plasma.

The catecholamines dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine are neurotransmitters and/or hormones in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS). NE is a neurotransmitter in the brain as well as in postganglionic, sympathetic neurons. DA, the precursor of NE, has biological activity in the periphery, most particularly in the kidney, and serves as a neurotransmitter in several important pathways in the CNS. Epinephrine, formed by the N-methylation of NE, is a hormone released from the adrenal gland, and it stimulates catecholamine receptors in a variety of organs. Small amounts of epinephrine are also found in the CNS, particularly in the brainstem.

DHT is the 5α-reduced metabolite of testosterone (T) that is principally converted from T in target organs such as prostate, skin, and liver. Intracellular DHT is a more potent androgenic agonist than T, and its presence in some tissues such as the prostate is necessary for the full organ development and function.

As a counterregulatory hormone for insulin, glucagon plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in vivo in both animals and humans. To increase blood glucose, glucagon promotes hepatic glucose output by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by decreasing glycogenesis and glycolysis in a concerted fashion via multiple mechanisms.